ILUSTRACION ELABORADA POR: Fernando
Emilio Saavedra Palma.
KIRSAN ILYUMZHINOV ELECCIONES FIDE.
Autor: Fernando Emilio Saavedra Palma.
Para: Kirsan Ilyumzhinov.
Imponente
presencia en la política ajedrecística del planeta
Su
interés por difundir el ajedrez en cada casa de quien lo juega…
ESE es Kirsan Ilyumzhinov un hombre del ajedrez en la política
¿Quién
ganará? la FIDE.
Garry
Kasárov o Kirsan Ilyumzhinov por la presidencia
de
la FIDE ajedrez en la materia
política ajedrecística…
El
mundo intercontinental por el internet y su magia
de
las comunicaciones los espera…
Es
el Jaque Mate más rudo de una lucha
titánica
por la finura de lo fino en la ALTA
POLITICA…
El
que ha ejercido el movimiento ajedrezado
El
que ha jugado ajedrez ilimitado
El
que conoce las variantes del juego
El
que es irreverente y creativo
El
que es teórico
El
que es práctico
El
que es activo
El
que es hiper-activo
El
que es ESTRATEGICO
El
que es Estratégico
Bueno
en fin sin fin al futuro ajedrecístico
Es
el FUTURO hoy inmediato a la FIDE para el mundo…
La
familia ajedrecística espera de ellos MUCHO…
GENS UNA SUMUS…
Fernando Emilio Saavedra Palma
Fédération internationale des échecs or World Chess Federation
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDE
The Fédération internationale des
échecs or World Chess Federation[1] is an international organization that connects the various national chess federations around the world and acts as the governing body of
international chess competition. It is usually referred to as FIDE /ˈfiːdeɪ/, its French acronym.[2]
FIDE was founded in Paris, France on July
20, 1924.[3] Its motto is Gens una sumus,
meaning "We are one people". Its current president is Kirsan Ilyumzhinov.
FIDE's
most visible activity is organizing the World Chess Championship (overall and for women and juniors),
regional championships and the Chess Olympiad. It is recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as the supreme body responsible for the organization of chess and
its championships at global and continental levels.[3] FIDE oversees few other tournaments,
although other top-level events, almost without exception, respect FIDE rules
and regulations.
It defines the rules of chess, both for playing individual games (i.e.
the board and moves) and for the conduct of international competitions. The
international competition rules are the basis for local competitions, although
local bodies are allowed to modify these rules to a certain extent. FIDE awards
a number of organisational titles, including International Arbiter, which signifies that the recipient is competent and trusted to oversee
top-class competitions.[4]
FIDE calculates the Elo ratings of players and uses these as the basis on
which it awards titles for achievement in competitive play: FIDE Master, International Master, International Grandmaster, and women's versions of those titles.[5] It also awards Master and Grandmaster
titles for achievement in problem and study composing and solving, and periodically
publishes FIDE Albums of the best problems.[6]
Correspondence chess (chess played by post or email) is regulated by the International
Correspondence Chess Federation, an independent body
that co-operates with FIDE where appropriate.
History[edit]
Foundation
and early years (up to 1939)[edit]
In April 1914, an initiative was taken in St. Petersburg, Russia, to form an international chess federation. Another attempt was made in
July 1914 during the Mannheim International Chess Tournament, but
further efforts temporarily came to an end as a result of the outbreak of World
War I during the latter event. In 1920, another attempt to organize an
international federation was made at the Gothenburg Tournament.[7]
Players also made the first attempt to
produce rules for world championship matches—in 1922, world champion José Raúl Capablanca proposed the "London rules": the first player to win six
games outright would win the match; playing sessions would be limited to five
hours; the time limit would be 40 moves in 2.5 hours; the champion would be
obliged to defend his title within one year of receiving a challenge from a
recognized master; the champion would decide the date of the match; the
champion was not obliged to accept a challenge for a purse of less than
$10,000; 20% of the purse was to paid to the title holder, with the remainder
being divided, 60 percent to the winner of the match, and 40% to the loser; the
highest purse bid must be accepted. Alekhine, Bogoljubow, Maróczy, Réti, Rubinstein, Tartakower and Vidmar promptly signed them.[8] The only match played under those rules
was Capablanca vs Alekhine in 1927.[9]
In 1922, the Russian master Eugene Znosko-Borovsky, while participating in an international tournament in London, announced that a tournament would be held during the 8th Sports Olympic Games in Paris in 1924 and would be hosted by
the French Chess Federation. On 20 July 1924 the participants at the Paris
tournament founded FIDE as a kind of players' union.[7][10][11] In its early years, FIDE had little
power, and was poorly financed.
FIDE's congresses in 1925 and 1926
expressed a desire to become involved in managing the world championship. FIDE
was largely happy with the "London Rules", but claimed that the
requirement for a purse of $10,000 was impracticable and called upon Capablanca
to come to an agreement with the leading masters to revise the Rules.[12]
FIDE's third congress, in Budapest in
1926, also decided to organize a Chess Olympiad. The invitations were, however, late in
being sent, with the result that only four countries participated, and the
competition was called the Little Olympiad. The winner was Hungary, followed by
Yugoslavia, Romania, and Germany. In 1927, FIDE began organizing the First Chess Olympiad
during its 4th Congress in London. The
official title of the tournament was the "Tournament of Nations", or
"World Team Championship", but "Chess Olympiad" became a
more popular title. The event was won by Hungary, with 16 teams competing.[7]
In 1928 FIDE recognized Bogoljubow as
"Champion of FIDE" after he won a match against Max Euwe.[12] Alekhine, the reigning world champion,
attended part of the 1928 Congress and agreed to place future matches for the
world title under the auspices of FIDE, although any match with Capablanca
should be under the same conditions as in Buenos Aires, 1927, i.e. including
the requirement for a purse of at least $10,000. FIDE accepted this and decided
to form a commission to modify the London Rules for future matches, though this
commission never met; by the time of the 1929 Congress, a world championship
match between Alekhine and Bogoljubow was under way, held neither under the
auspices of FIDE nor in accordance with the London Rules.[12]
While negotiating his 1937 World
Championship re-match with Alekhine, Euwe proposed that if he retained the
title, FIDE should manage the nomination of future challengers and the conduct
of championship matches. FIDE had been trying since 1935 to introduce rules on
how to select challengers, and its various proposals favored selection by some
sort of committee. While they were debating procedures in 1937 and Alekhine and
Euwe were preparing for their re-match later that year, the Dutch Chess
Federation proposed that a super-tournament (AVRO) of ex-champions and rising
stars should be held to select the next challenger. FIDE rejected this proposal
and at their second attempt nominated Salo Flohr as the official challenger. Euwe then
declared that: if he retained his title against Alekhine he was prepared to
meet Flohr in 1940 but he reserved the right to arrange a title match either in
1938 or 1939 with José Raúl Capablanca, who had lost the title to Alekhine in 1927; if Euwe lost his title to
Capablanca then FIDE's decision should be followed and Capablanca would have to
play Flohr in 1940. Most chess writers and players strongly supported the Dutch
super-tournament proposal and opposed the committee processes favored by FIDE.
While this confusion went unresolved: Euwe lost his title to Alekhine; the AVRO tournament in 1938 was won by Paul Keres under a tie-breaking rule, with Reuben Fine placed second and Capablanca and Flohr in
the bottom places; and the outbreak of World War II in 1939 cut short the
controversy.[13][14] Although competitive chess continued in
many countries, including some that were under Nazi occupation, there was no international competition and FIDE was
inactive during the war.
1946 to
1993[edit]
Birth of the World Championship challenge cycle
From the time of Emanuel Lasker's defeat of Wilhelm Steinitz in 1894, until 1946, a new World Champion
had won the title by defeating the former champion in a match. Alexander Alekhine's death created an interregnum that made the normal procedure impossible. The situation was confused,
with many respected players and commentators offering different solutions. FIDE
found it difficult to organize the early discussions on how to resolve the interregnum, because problems with money and travel
in the aftermath of World War II prevented many countries from sending representatives,
most notably the Soviet Union. The shortage of clear information resulted in
otherwise responsible magazines publishing rumors and speculation, which only
made the situation more confused.[15] See Interregnum of World
Chess Champions for more details.
This situation was exacerbated by the
Soviet Union having long refused to join FIDE, and by this time it was clear
that about half the credible contenders were Soviet citizens. The Soviet Union
realized, however, it could not afford to be left out of the discussions
regarding the vacant world championship, and in 1947 sent a telegram
apologizing for the absence of Soviet representatives and requesting that the
USSR be represented in future FIDE Committees.[15]
The eventual solution was similar to
FIDE's initial proposal and to a proposal put forward by the Soviet Union
(authored by Mikhail Botvinnik). The 1938 AVRO tournament was used as the basis for the 1948 Championship Tournament. The AVRO tournament had brought together the eight players who were,
by general acclamation, the best players in the world at the time. Two of the
participants at AVRO—Alekhine and former world champion Capablanca—had since died;
but FIDE decided that the other six participants at AVRO would play a quadruple
round-robin tournament. These players were: Max Euwe (from The Netherlands); Botvinnik, Paul Keres and Salo Flohr (from the Soviet Union); and Reuben Fine and Samuel Reshevsky (from the United States). FIDE soon
accepted a Soviet request to substitute Vasily Smyslov for Flohr, and Fine withdrew in order to
continue his degree studies in psychiatry, so five players competed, in a quintuple
round robin. Botvinnik won, thus becoming world champion, ending the interregnum.[15]
The proposals which led to the 1948
Championship Tournament also specified the procedure by which challengers for
the World Championship would be selected in a three-year cycle: countries
affiliated with FIDE would send players to Zonal Tournaments (the number varied
depending on the number of strong players each country had); the players who
gained the top places in these would compete in an Interzonal Tournament (later
split into two, then three tournaments as the number of countries and eligible
players increased[16]); the highest-placed players from the
Interzonal would compete in the Candidates Tournament, along with the loser of the previous title match and the runner-up in
the previous Candidates Tournament; and the winner of the Candidates played a
title match against the champion.[15] From 1950 until 1962 inclusive, the
Candidates Tournament was a multi-round round-robin—how and why it was changed
are described below.
Bobby Fischer controversies
FIDE found itself embroiled in some
controversies relating to the American player Bobby Fischer, the first of which took place when
Fischer alleged that at the 1962 Candidates Tournament in Curaçao, the Soviet players Tigran Petrosian, Keres and Efim Geller had pre-arranged draws in their games
played amongst themselves, and that Viktor Korchnoi, another Soviet player, had been
instructed to lose to them (Fischer had placed 4th, well
behind Petrosian, Keres and Geller). Grandmaster Yuri Averbakh, a member of the Soviet delegation at the
tournament, said in 2002 that Petrosian, Keres and Geller privately agreed to
draw their games, and a statistical analysis in 2006 supported this conclusion.[17][18] FIDE responded by changing the format of
Candidates Tournaments from a multi-round round-robin to a series of
elimination matches, initially 10–12 games in duration, though by the 1970s,
the Candidates final would be as long as 24 games.
In 1969, Fischer refused to play in the
U.S. Championship because of disagreements about the tournament's format and
prize fund. Since that event was being treated as a Zonal Tournament, Fischer
forfeited his right to compete for the right to challenge world champion Boris Spassky in 1972. Grandmaster Pal Benko agreed to relinquish his qualifying place
at the Interzonal in Fischer's favor, and the other participants waived their
right to claim the spot. FIDE president Max Euwe interpreted the rules very
flexibly to allow Fischer to play in the 1970 Interzonal at Palma de Mallorca, which he won convincingly. Fischer then
crushed Mark Taimanov, Bent Larsen and Tigran Petrosian in the 1971
Candidates Tournament and won the title match with Spassky to become world
champion.[19]
After winning the world championship,
Fischer criticized the existing championship match format (24 games; the
champion retained the title if the match was tied) on the grounds that it
encouraged whoever got an early lead to play for draws. While this dispute was
going on, Anatoly Karpov won the right
to challenge in 1975. Fischer refused to accept any match format other than the
one he proposed. Among Fischer's demands was a requirement that the challenger
must beat him by at least two games in order to take his title. The FIDE argued
that it was unfair for a challenger to be able to beat the world champion, yet
not take his title. Fischer would not back down, and eventually FIDE awarded
the title to Karpov by default.[20] Some commentators have questioned whether
FIDE president Max Euwe did as much as he could have to prevent Fischer from
forfeiting his world title.[19]
Other 1970s controversies[edit]
- The defection of grandmaster Gennadi
Sosonko in 1972. The Soviets demanded that Sosonko should be treated as an
"unperson", excluded from competitive chess,
television or any other event that might publicize his defection. FIDE
refused, and no Soviet players took part in the 1974 Wijk aan Zee tournament in
The Netherlands because Sosonko was playing in it.
- In 1976 world championship contender Viktor
Korchnoi sought political asylum in The Netherlands. In a
discussion a few days earlier Euwe told Korchnoi, "...of course you
will retain all your rights ..." and later opposed Soviet efforts to
prevent Korchnoi from challenging for Anatoly Karpov's title in
1978.
- FIDE decided to hold the 1976 Chess Olympiad in Israel, which the
Soviet Union did not recognize as a country. The Central Committee of Communist Party of the
Soviet Union then started plotting to depose Euwe as
president of FIDE[citation needed].
Rapid expansion of membership[edit]
During his period as president of FIDE
(1970–1978) Max Euwe strove to increase the number of member
countries, and Florencio Campomanes (president 1982–1995) continued this policy, with each member nation
receiving one vote. Former world champion Anatoly Karpov later said this was a mixed blessing, as
the inclusion of so many small, poor countries led to a "leadership vacuum
at the head of the world of chess......"[19][21] Yuri Averbakh said the
presence of so many weak countries made it easy to manipulate decisions.[22]
World Championship 1983–1985[edit]
The events leading to Garry Kasparov's winning the world championship involved
FIDE in two controversies. While arranging the Candidates Tournament semi-final matches to be played in 1983, FIDE accepted bids to host
Kasparov versus Victor Korchnoi in Pasadena, California. The Soviet Union refused to accept this, either because it feared
Kasparov would defect or because it thought Kasparov was the
greater threat to reigning champion Anatoly Karpov. Their refusal would have meant that
Kasparov forfeited his chance of challenging for the title. FIDE president Florencio Campomanes negotiated with the Soviet Union, and the match was played in London.[21][23]
In the 1984 world championship match
between Karpov and Kasparov the winner was to be the first to win six games. In
the first 27 games Karpov gained a 5–0 lead but by the end of the 48th Kasparov
had reduced this to 5–3.[24] At this point the match had lasted for
159 days (from September 1984 to February 1985), Karpov looked exhausted and
many thought Kasparov was the favorite to win. After six days of talks, on
February 15, FIDE president Campomanes announced that "the match is ended
without decision", that a new one would begin in September 1985 with the
score 0–0, and that it would consist of at most 24 games. Karpov entered the
press conference rather late and said he wished to continue the existing match,
with his version of the Mark Twain line: "The reports of my death have
been greatly exaggerated!" Although nobody has revealed what had happened
behind the scenes, there were ESPN cameras and reporters from Sports
Illustrated in addition to American Grandmaster Max Dlugy. When the good
cop-bad cop routine of Karpov and Campomanes caused a commotion an agitated
Karpov stared at Campomanes, who was caught on film saying: "But Anatoly,
I told them what you said!" Dlugy also reported this event in the US
magazine Chess Life. Kasparov won the second match and became world champion.[21][25][26]
1993 to
present[edit]
World Championship divided 1993–2006[edit]
In 1992 Nigel Short surprised the world by winning the Candidates Tournament and thus becoming the official challenger for Garry Kasparov's world title. FIDE very quickly accepted
a bid from Manchester (England) to host the title match in
1993. But at that time Short was travelling to Greece and could not be
consulted as FIDE's rules required. On learning of the situation Short
contacted Kasparov, who had distrusted FIDE and its president, Florencio Campomanes ever since Campomanes had stopped his title match against Anatoly Karpov in 1984. Kasparov and Short concluded
that FIDE had failed to get them the best financial deal available and
announced that they would "play under the auspices of a new body, the
"Professional Chess Association" (PCA). FIDE stripped Kasparov of his FIDE title and dropped
Kasparov and Short from the official rating list. It also announced a title
match between Karpov and Jan Timman, whom Short had defeated in the semi-final
and final stages of the Candidates Tournament. Kasparov and Karpov won their
matches and there were now two players claiming to be world champion.[27]
In 1994 Kasparov concluded that breaking
away from FIDE had been a mistake, because both commercial sponsors and the
majority of grandmasters disliked
the split in the world championship.[28] Kasparov started trying to improve
relations with FIDE and supported Campomanes' bid for re-election as president
of FIDE. But many FIDE delegates regarded Campomanes as corrupt and in 1995 he
agreed to resign provided his successor was Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, president of the Republic of Kalmykia.[29]
In the next few years several attempts to
re-unify the world championship failed for various reasons - notably inability
to finance a match or Kasparov's opposition to any plan that required him to play
in a qualifying series rather than go straight into a re-unification match. In
2000 Vladimir Kramnik defeated Kasparov in a match for what was now the Braingames World Chess
Championship (the PCA had collapsed by this time). But Kramnik was also
unwilling to play in a qualifying series, and objected strongly to FIDE's
attempt to have the world championship decided by annual knock-out tournaments
and to reduce the time limits for games, changes which FIDE hoped would make
the game more interesting to outsiders.[29][30]
Finally in 2006 a re-unification match was
played between Kramnik and Veselin Topalov, which Kramnik won after an unpleasant
controversy which led to one game being awarded to Topalov.[29][31]
But the split in the world-title had
after-effects, as shown by FIDE's complicated regulations for the 2007–2009
world championship cycle. Because Topalov was unable to compete in the 2007 World Chess Championship Tournament, FIDE decided he should have a "fast track" entry into the
2007–2009 cycle. And FIDE also decided that, if Kramnik did not win the 2007
championship tournament, he should play a championship match in 2008 against
the winner—and this provision became applicable because Viswanathan Anand won the tournament and thus became world
champion.
IOC recognition[edit]
In 1999, FIDE was recognised by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Two years later, it introduced the IOC's anti-drugs rules to
chess, as part of its campaign for chess to become part of the Olympic Games.[32]
Member federations[edit]
There are at present 158 member federations of FIDE, including 142 UN
member states and 16 other entities. There were 159 until recently, when one
was dropped. The list fluctuates, as new nations join and sometimes national
federations collapse or are unable to pay their dues.
The states are
Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Faroe Islands, Fiji, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guernsey, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jersey, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Surinam, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United States of America, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, and Zimbabwe
And the other entities are
Aruba, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Chinese Taipei, England, Faroe Islands, Guernsey, Hong Kong, Jersey, Macau, Netherlands Antilles, Palestine, Puerto Rico, Scotland, US Virgin Islands, and Wales
Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire have been temporarily suspended from
membership in FIDE because of their failure to meet their financial
obligations.
FIDE Presidents[edit]
- 1924–1949 (25 years) Alexander Rueb
- 1949–1970 (21 years) Folke Rogard
- 1970–1978 (8 years) Max Euwe
- 1978–1982 (4 years) Friðrik Ólafsson
- 1982–1995 (13 years) Florencio
Campomanes
- 1995–present (18 years) Kirsan Ilyumzhinov (as of 2013)
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